In this review article, we refer to them as adipocytokines. As addressed previously [19], due to the delayed discovery of the receptor for adiponectin, there is no clinical utilization of adiponectin. In the gastrointestinal tract, obesity is associated with gastroesophageal reflux disease, cholelithiasis, and liver steatosis. Yet, very limited information is available for its relationship with lung injury. We hypothesized that (1) obesity affects asthma control independent of spirometry, airway inflammation, and airway hyperresponsiveness (AHR) and (2) residual symptoms after resolution of inflammation are due to obesity-related changes in lung mechanics. These form an inflammatory soup, heavy with proinflammatory adipocytokines, which further activates Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4), NF-κB, and other signaling pathways, initiating a cascade of inflammatory process [15]. Known as chronic inflammation, it may persist for months or years. Yet, based on what we reviewed here, adiponectin showed a strong anti-inflammatory effect in obesity, through its activation of AMPK and stimulation of mitochondrial biogenesis, as well as its inhibition of NF-κB signaling pathways and oxidative stress; we believe that adiponectin and adiponectin receptor agonist as well as AMPK activator would greatly benefit patients from a variety of aspects, including lung injury in obesity. Written by an international group of experts, this important new volume is an invaluable resource for all clinicians and scientists concerned with the challenging problems surrounding obesity and lung diseases. One major obstacle is the route and form of the agents. Obesity, Inflammation, and Lung Injury: The Good A large array of adipokines, cytokines, chemokines, and other factors were derived from adipose tissues [ ]. This process is accompanied by the polarization of macrophages, from “healthy” M2 to “unhealthy” M1 macrophages and the transformation of T helper (Th) cells from “beneficial” Treg and Th2 to “harmful” Th17 and Th1. Omentin was initially found in intestinal cell (called intelectin) and then omental adipose tissue and human adipocytes (especially stromal vascular cells of visceral adipose tissue), but it is also expressed in lung, heart, placenta, and ovary [18, 83]. Obese patients seem to present with a specific obstructive lung disease … There were controversial reports. Non Obese Obese Fat Reduced FRC FRC = Functional Residual Capacity FRC • Reduced lung compliance What Is the Best Sleep Position If You Have Asthma? In the osteoarticular system, obesity is corre-lated with an increased prevalence of osteoarthritis, and in the reproductive system, obesity is correlated with fe- Obesity increases histrionically and is becoming pandemic worldwide in the past decades, predisposing these populations to great risk for gastric esophageal reflux disease (GERD) and subsequent aspiration pneumonia, asthma, obstructive sleep apnea syndrome (OSAS), and related comorbidities and mortality in lung injury, such as acute lung injury (ALI) and ARDS (acute/adult respiratory distress syndrome), even after being adjusted for other risk factors [3–6]. In this review article, by reviewing the articles with animal models and preclinical trials as well as the clinical trials in human being related to OILI, we will focus on the anti-inflammatory adipocytokines (the good) and address from the following aspects: adipocytokines and obesity, inflammation and other mechanism involved, adipocytokines and lung injury in obesity bridged by inflammation, and some therapeutic potentials. Cough, chest tenderness, and shortness of breath are other symptoms associated with pleurisy. If this is associated with upregulated receptor or other mechanism, it remains unclear. Found inside – Page 25In addition, mice deficient in RORα or RORγ displayed a diminished susceptibility to allergen-induced lung inflammation and collagen-induced arthritis ... Obesity has not si, Select Chapter 1 - Adipose tissue metabolism and inflammation in obesity, Select Chapter 2 - Complex interface between immunity and metabolism: The lung as a target organ, Select Chapter 3 - Obesity and lung function: From childhood to adulthood, Select Chapter 4 - Obesity and obstructive lung disease: An epidemiologic review, Select Chapter 5 - Mechanistic insights from human studies of asthma. People with obesity are more likely to develop a number of potentially serious health problems, including: Adipose Tissue Metabolism and Inflammation in Obesity 2. This is a common feature in diseases like asthma. Tack, “Treatment with Anakinra improves disposition index but not insulin sensitivity in nondiabetic subjects with the metabolic syndrome: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled study,”, I. Aksentijevich, S. L. Masters, P. J. Ferguson et al., “An autoinflammatory disease with deficiency of the interleukin-1-receptor antagonist,”, S. Herold, T. Tabar, H. Janßen et al., “Exudate macrophages attenuate lung injury by the release of IL-1 receptor antagonist in gram-negative pneumonia,”, J. Banchereau, V. Pascual, and A. O'Garra, “From IL-2 to IL-37: the expanding spectrum of anti-inflammatory cytokines,”, M. O. Li and R. A. Flavell, “Contextual regulation of inflammation: a duet by transforming growth factor-, N. Zamani and C. W. Brown, “Emerging roles for the transforming growth factor-, T. Kempf, A. Guba-Quint, J. Torgerson et al., “Growth differentiation factor 15 predicts future insulin resistance and impaired glucose control in obese nondiabetic individuals: results from the XENDOS trial,”, G. Vila, M. Riedl, C. Anderwald et al., “The relationship between insulin resistance and the cardiovascular biomarker growth differentiation factor-15 in obese patients,”, L. Macia, V. Tsai, A. D. Nguyen et al., “Macrophage inhibitory cytokine 1 (MIC-1/GDF15) decreases food intake, body weight and improves glucose tolerance in mice on normal & obesogenic diets,”, K. Yanaba, Y. Asano, Y. Tada, M. Sugaya, T. Kadono, and S. Sato, “Clinical significance of serum growth differentiation factor-15 levels in systemic sclerosis: association with disease severity,”, L. Otvos Jr., E. Haspinger, F. LaRussa et al., “Design and development of a peptide-based adiponectin receptor agonist for cancer treatment,”. Found insideObesity is a risk factor for breast cancer in older women. Copyright © 2014 Cheryl Wang. The early phase trials would need to focus on safety, efficacy, and bioavailability at this time point. (5)Yet, there is a huge lack of studies for obesity related lung injury. Translational Research (formerly The Journal of Laboratory and Clinical Medicine) delivers original investigations in the broad fields of laboratory, clinical, and public health research. However, clear evidence for either an additive or a synergistic pathologic interaction between obesity and … Early phase clinical trials suggested that IL-10 attenuates acute colitis [146], increases the tumor sensitivity of NK cells in rabbits with melanoma [147], promotes monocytes differentiating toward to tolerogenic DCs [148], and thus may have potential therapeutic value in autoimmune and transplantation related immune-compromised conditions. Combed with the previous data, it is confirmed that SFRP5 exerts its effect via inhibiting WNT signaling. pendent of lung volume, individuals who are obese have reduced airway caliber. Found insideThe aim of this book is to inform clinicians of recent advances in obesity research and provide a review of current treatment issues and strategies. Furthermore, it appeared that ZAG exerts its function as a lipid mobilizer in cancer cachexia more significantly. Yet, it remains unclear if adiponectin can be a potential therapeutic target for lung injury in human subjects. Found insideThis book Clinical Trials in Vulnerable Populations has 12 chapters divided into 4 sections: Minority Patients, Women, Medically Compromised Patients and Clinical Trials. Obesity and Lung Disease: A Guide to Management is the first text in the field to cover the full range of issues related to managing obese patients with pulmonary problems. Dr Amarjit Mishra, Auburn University, USA, aims to explore the link between obesity, airway inflammation, and response to allergens and asthma. Moreover, treatment for obesity with bariatric surgery or metformin increases serum level of omentin, which is associated with weight loss and improved insulin sensitivity, possibly through activating Akt signaling pathway. No information is available about its impact on host immunity and defense response. No receptor for vaspin was defined in lung yet. Age has emerged as a major factor to predict the severity of the disease and … Furthermore, the WNT at different compartments has different effects, which may partially explain these controversial results. Besides adipocytes, macrophage is believed to be a major And thus this important information will direct our research and scientific focus and further personalized medicine in this huge population in the near future. Furthermore, administration of vaspin suppresses leptin, TNFα, and resistin, reduces food intake, and improves glucose control and insulin sensitivity in obesity [115]. IL-1RA: interleukin 1 receptor antagonist. IL-10 polarizes macrophages from classically activated M1 to alternatively activated M2 phenotype and Th1/17 to Th2/Treg, upregulates IL-1 receptor and TGF-β, inhibits phagocytosis and proinflammatory cytokines and chemokines, which further blocks TLR4, NF-κB, and other signaling pathways [15, 141, 142], and activates JAK/STAT signaling pathway. Adiponectin impacts host defense response and immunity, through inhibiting recruitment of leukocytes, increasing the remodeling of the lung, promoting phagocytosis of neutrophils and macrophages, modulating the productions of Th2 cytokines, and reducing/inhibiting B cell and natural killer (NK) cells in animal models [59]. They cause problems like heart disease and diabetes. Fat can get into the airway walls of the lungs and alter their structure, which may be the cause of wheezing, asthma, or both, a new study suggests. Approximately 1.9 billion people are overweight and over 650 million are obese, defined as having a body mass index (BMI) of 25 to 30 and >30, respectively, which translates to nearly 45% of adults worldwide (1, 2). The studies on obesity and inflammation will be addressed and summarized. Obesity, Inflammation, and Lung Injury (OILI): The Good, Department of Anesthesiology, University at Buffalo, State University of New York, 3435 Main Street, Buffalo, NY 14214, USA, Veterans Affairs Western New York Healthcare System, Buffalo, NY 14215, USA, The majority of evidence supported that adiponectin, omentin, and SFRP5 were reduced significantly in obesity, which is associated with increased inflammation and possible lung injury, indicated by increase of TNF. These preexisting conditions, such as obesity and diabetes, intensify the role of the virus in causing inflammation and forming clots. The vicious circle obesity-inflammation-virus. Background . Apparently, studies investigating the relationship of the changes of adiponectin and clinical outcomes, how the human body adapts, and what the host responses are would possibly provide more valuable information for clinical applications and further personalized medicine, both as a biomarker for a variety of diseases, severity, and prognosis and as a therapeutic potential. This book provides readers with an up-to-date and comprehensive view on the resolution of inflammation and on new developments in this area, including pro-resolution mediators, apoptosis, macrophage clearance of apoptotic cells, possible ... Besides adipocytes, macrophage is believed to be a major contributor for these factors. This may suggest that there is a period of adaptation. GDF15 increases in obesity but also suppresses food intake and reduces body weight in obese rodents [161]. It increases the work of breathing and, therefore, increases neural respiratory drive, in addition to causing respiratory sleep disorders and eventually hypercapnic respiratory … Very limited information is available for other adipocytokines. To understand why, you need to look at where people live. A synthetic IL-10 agonist, IT 9302, was administered to the rabbits with acute lung injury in acute necrotizing pancreatitis [149, 150]. A recent report found that immune cells in people with the vaping illness contained numerous oily droplets known as lipid-laden macrophages. It can affect many areas of the body and is a cause of many major diseases, including cancer, ischemic heart disease, and autoimmune diseases. can purchase separate chapters directly from the table of contents More trials in wider area with larger population are encouraged. Surgery - bronchiectasis can develop in just one part of the lung and if this is the case then surgery to remove it may be beneficial for you. Translational studies focusing on the mechanism should reveal valuable information for further investigation and therapeutic potentials. There are some ongoing/complete trials in subjects with rheumatoid arthritis, heart failure, pulmonary hypertension, diabetes, and other inflammatory conditions with recombinant IL-1RA anakinra. It was shown that vaspin is associated differently with metabolic syndrome in males and females, indicating its potential interaction or regulation by sex hormones [120]. Omentin 1 is rather more studied than omentin 2. This suggested its therapeutic potential for autoimmune and transplantation-related disease, as well as its potential therapeutic benefit in OILI and other inflammatory diseases. For example, a person with obesity is likely to have ongoing low-level inflammation, blood with an increased tendency to clot, decreased vascular function and a strained heart and lungs. Lung injury is a complicated pathogenesis process, including activation of immune system and inflammation, stimulation of endothelium, increased capillary permeability, neutrophil and macrophage infiltration, and leaking of albumin [64, 65]. In addition, patients with already strained hearts and lungs have more difficulty with COVID-related complications, such as low oxygen, low blood pressure, heart inflammation and blood clots. These include the presence of poor nutritional status and pre-existing noncommunicable diseases (NCDs) such as diabetes mellitus, chronic lung diseases, cardiovascular diseases (CVD), obesity, and various other diseases that render the patient immunocompromised. Inflammation can make the body less responsive to insulin and change the way the body metabolizes fats and carbohydrates, leading to higher blood sugar levels and, eventually, to diabetes and its many complications. 2014, Article ID 978463, 15 pages, 2014. https://doi.org/10.1155/2014/978463, 1Department of Anesthesiology, University at Buffalo, State University of New York, 3435 Main Street, Buffalo, NY 14214, USA, 2Veterans Affairs Western New York Healthcare System, Buffalo, NY 14215, USA. Inflammation in the heart causes damage and can lead to serious health problems. De Gorordo, F. R. D'Alessio, and K. Kubo, “Acute lung injury review,”, R. D. Stapleton, A. E. Dixon, P. E. Parsons, L. B. Ware, and B. T. Suratt, “The association between BMI and plasma cytokine levels in patients with acute lung injury,”, S. Towfigh, M. V. Peralta, M. J. Martin et al., “Acute respiratory distress syndrome in nontrauma surgical patients: a 6-year study,”, A. Anzueto, F. Frutos-Vivar, A. Esteban et al., “Influence of body mass index on outcome of the mechanically ventilated patients,”, R. Shibata, K. Sato, D. R. Pimentel et al., “Adiponectin protects against myocardial ischemia-reperfusion injury through AMPK- and COX-2-dependent mechanisms,”, R. Summer, F. F. Little, N. Ouchi et al., “Alveolar macrophage activation and an emphysema-like phenotype in adiponectin-deficient mice,”, H. Rokni Yazdi, S. Lari, D. Attaran, H. Ayatollahi, and A. Mohsenizadeh, “The serum levels of adiponectin and leptin in mustard lung patients,”, A. J. Walkey, T. W. Rice, J. Konter et al., “Plasma adiponectin and mortality in critically ill subjects with acute respiratory failure,”, P. Garcia and A. Sood, “Adiponectin in pulmonary disease and critically ill patients,”, S. Leivo-Korpela, L. Lehtimäki, K. Vuolteenaho et al., “Adiponectin is associated with dynamic hyperinflation and a favourable response to inhaled glucocorticoids in patients with COPD,”, S. A. Obesity and Obstructive Lung Disease: An Epidemiologic Review 5. Obesity and immune dysfunction. Yet, limited articles have a comprehensive review of the overall balance of these adipocytokines and their relationship to the pathogenesis of lung injury. Male wildtype C57BL/6 mice and mice deficient in ST2, the IL-33 … If inflammation continues, some people may have permanent scarring (fibrosis) that can cause life-threatening heart or lung problems. Obesity becomes pandemic, predisposing these individuals to great risk for lung injury. The findings, published in the journal Cell Stem Cell , have launched a search for new treatments that could block the onset of this process. Particularly, as adiponectin promotes weight loss and reduces inflammation and has receptors in the lung, studies targeting its role in OILI would be greatly beneficial for these populations. “We’ve found that excess fat accumulates in the airway walls where it takes up space and seems to increase inflammation within the lungs. More preclinical and clinical trials in wider area with larger population are warranted. No study has assessed the possible impact of omentin on host defense response or immunity. This landmark volume discusses the characteristics and impact of the remodeling process on airway function and clinical disease expression within the airway in asthma, covering pharmacological therapies and possible future targets relevant ... This remains true in a large array of studies in patients with ALI and critical conditions [7–9]. Administration of SFRP5 reduced inflammation and attenuated insulin resistance, through decoying WNT mediated JNK activation in macrophages and adipocytes, and thus has systemic effects. Vaspin level is low in obesity, insulin resistance, and type 2 diabetes and increases with the attenuation of these conditions [114]. Two reported that omentin was elevated in patients with OSAS [103]. With a foundation of Christian values and faith in God’s plan, this book encourages women to: • Triumph in the face of adversity • Recognize the Lord’s calling • Create a godly and successful legacy—that will inspire and ... With the availability of the recombinant SFRP5, more preclinical and clinical trials were needed to explore the effect of SFRP5 on OILI, as well as other comorbidities of obesity. For lung injury, inhalation and intravenous injection or infusion would be appropriate. The researchers examined postmortem samples of lungs from 52 people. The effects of obesity are not necessarily predictable however, and individuals with the same gender, age, height and BMI may can have substantially different pulmonary function results. People who are obese have excess adipose (or fat) tissue that causes the overproduction of leptin (a molecule that regulates food intake and energy expenditure) and other food intake and energy mediators in the body, which leads to abnormal regulation of food intake and energy expenditure. Subsequent … A positive correlation between adiponectin and fat mass at the lower extremities has been revealed but a negative one with that of the body trunk was typically seen in abdominal obesity. Listen Now >> When inflammation keeps simmering along at a low level, that’s called chronic inflammation. K. A. Shaw, A. The study didn’t provide enough data to explain exactly how fat gets into the lungs. Thus, obesity is one of the main risk factors for coronavirus complications [17], due to the association established between obesity, chronic inflammation, and respiratory infection. Pathophysiology. These results were consistent with those treated with metformin [118]. (1)The majority of evidence supported that adiponectin, omentin, and SFRP5 were reduced significantly in obesity, which is associated with increased inflammation and possible lung injury, indicated by increase of TNFα and IL-6, through activation of TLR4 and NF-κB signaling pathways. Found insideOver the last decade, the volume of research into the pathophysiology and genetics of pulmonary diseases has increased greatly. Kidney failure is the most common cause of morbidity in these patients. A large array of adipokines, cytokines, chemokines, and other factors were derived from adipose tissues [17]. These increase susceptibilities to COVID-19 infection, complications including the requirement of invasive ventilation. Perhaps, it is the ratio of SFRP5 to other isoforms that matters. This may be mediated by depletion of the antioxidants, destroyed lung endothelium, reduced lung volume and chest wall compliance, and increased susceptibility of the lung to injury [12, 13]. Obesity, COVID-19 and Inflammation. Paradoxically, one recent study showed that increased omentin level was associated with nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD), the very common comorbidity in obesity and T2DM [95]. Lung cancer is a serious health problem and the top cause of cancer deaths in the U.S. each year. In this study, the authors argued that this might be due to the fact that SFRP5 inhibits WNT signaling pathway and thus suppresses adipocytes mitochondrial metabolism and promotes oxidative stress. Based on the aforementioned, we think that ZAG may have anti-inflammatory effect on a variety of diseases, including lung injury. Obesity-associated asthma is a phenotype of severe asthma. More than 90% of those infected with COVID-19 show mild or no symptoms but the rest of the infected cases show severe symptoms resulting in significant mortality. Alternates would be other agents promoting adiponectin production, such as PPARγ agonist, the market-available thiazolidinediones (TZDs), omega-3, and dietary modifications. Treating patients with acute respiratory failure is a constant challenge in intensive care medicine. It was suggested that adiponectin may polarize macrophage from M1, proinflammatory state, to M2, anti-inflammatory state, as well as from “harmful” Th1/17 to “beneficial” Th2/Treg. We have reported that IL-33 contributes to these effects of obesity in db/db mice. However, the exact mechanism by which obesity and GER lead to increased symptom severity and poor control in asthma is still not well understood and is an area of research. (3)IL-10, ZAG, vaspin, IL-1RA, TGF-β1, and GDF15 seem to be anti-inflammatory. With the availability of adiponectin receptor agonist, ADP355 [163], we expect that more preclinical and clinical interventional trials in OILI will be conducted. Overall, adiponectin promotes anti-inflammation through inhibiting proinflammatory response, polarizing macrophages (from M1 to M2), and T helper cells (from Th1/17 to Th2/Treg), inhibiting TLR4-mediated NF-κB activation, and protecting endothelium, suggesting that obesity may prime lung toward proinflammatory condition and more susceptible for injury due to hypoadiponectinemia, at least partially. In this review, we focused on the anti-inflammatories and addressed the following aspects: adipocytokines and obesity, inflammation and other mechanisms, adipocytokines and lung injury in obesity bridged by inflammation, and potential therapeutic targets. View Sources Title: COVID-19 and the role of chronic inflammation in patients with obesity: Abstract: Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) and the risk of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) poses a particular risk to people living with preexisting conditions that impair immune response or amplify pro-inflammatory response. One study showed that high body fat mass with low cardiorespiratory fitness may be associated with increased vaspin in Korean population [123], suggesting its possible role in lung. No study was reported in OILI so far. "Increasing obesity was associated with an increased risk of lung failure or death in COVID-19," said lead researcher Dr. Michaela Anderson, a … It's considered the third stage out of four and is determined based on frequency and…, If you're concerned about smoke in your living space, whether from tobacco products or wildfires, check out these air purifiers specifically designed…. Details for getting the active molecule into the system and the modification after administration need to work out. Found insideGlobal Health Complications of Obesity presents a valuable resource for research scientists and clinicians by covering the burden of obesity and related diseases and serving as a starting point for in-depth discussions in academic settings ... d Altered mitochondrial function can Further studies are warranted to elucidate this phenomenon, the possible mechanism, and the changes with intervention. Obesity significantly exacerbated the eosinophilic airway inflammation and reduced the number of Helios+ Tregs in lung and adipose tissue in the obesity-associated asthma model. TGF: tumor growth factor. Adipocytokines in obesity, inflammation, and lung injury: the good (trend). IS: insulin sensitivity. The overexpressed pro-inflammatory cytokines in obesity are considered the link between obesity and inflammation . Obesity has a major impact on respiratory function, and contributes significantly to the development of lung disease BMI has limited utility in understanding the effect of obesity on the lung: differing distributions of adipose tissue... Obesity and … Additionally, in those contradicted reports mentioned above, adiponectin concentrations were tested during the critical illness, suggesting the possibility of the upregulation of adiponectin due to adaptation over time. Obesity correlates with increasing an individual’s risk of cancers, stroke, metabolic disease, heart failure, and other cardiovascular conditions, Chronic low-grade inflammation associated with obesity is hypothesized to have associations with the adverse cardio-metabolic side effects. Found insideProviding a comprehensive overview of the key literature in this field, Advanced Nutrition and Dietetics in Obesity is an invaluable resource for all those whose work should or does embrace any aspect of obesity. It was suggested that adiponectin reduces inflammation and alleviates disease states, possibly through its suppression of TNFα, IL-6, and CRP and upregulation of IL-10 and IL-1RA [44–46]. Can you join the military with asthma? Existing co-morbidities enhances these complications. Peter Noble, PhD, co-author and associate professor at the University of Western Australia in Perth, says that research has suggested the link between higher weight and asthma could be a result of pressure from excess weight on the lungs, or it could be due to a general increase in inflammation. There were controversial reports. He, L. You et al., “Expression of the secreted frizzled-related protein gene family is downregulated in human mesothelioma,”, K. Hida, J. Wada, J. Eguchi et al., “Visceral adipose tissue-derived serine protease inhibitor: a unique insulin-sensitizing adipocytokine in obesity,”, N. Klöting, P. Kovacs, M. Kern et al., “Central vaspin administration acutely reduces food intake and has sustained blood glucose-lowering effects,”, B. S. Youn, N. Klöting, J. Kratzsch et al., “Serum vaspin concentrations in human obesity and type 2 diabetes,”, S. Schultz and A. G. Beck-Sickinger, “Chemerin and vaspin: possible targets to treat obesity?”, A. Handisurya, M. Riedl, G. Vila et al., “Serum vaspin concentrations in relation to insulin sensitivity following RYGB-induced weight loss,”, H. Sell, A. Divoux, C. Poitou et al., “Chemerin correlates with markers for fatty liver in morbidly obese patients and strongly decreases after weight loss induced by bariatric surgery,”, B. K. Tan, D. Heutling, J. Chen et al., “Metformin decreases the adipokine vaspin in overweight women with polycystic ovary syndrome concomitant with improvement in insulin sensitivity and a decrease in insulin resistance,”, T. Morisaki, F. Takeshima, H. Fukuda et al., “High serum vaspin concentrations in patients with ulcerative colitis,”, J. M. Kim, T. N. Kim, and J. C. Won, “Association between serum vaspin level and metabolic syndrome in healthy korean subjects,”, H. Li, W. Peng, J. Zhuang et al., “Vaspin attenuates high glucose-induced vascular smooth muscle cells proliferation and chemokinesis by inhibiting the MAPK, PI3K/Akt, and NF-, P. Zahradka, “Inhibition of NADPH oxidase by vaspin may prevent progression of atherosclerosis,”, J. K. Cho, T. Han, and H. S. Kang, “Combined effects of body mass index and cardio/respiratory fitness on serum vaspin concentrations in Korean young men,”, C. Bing, Y. Bao, J. Jenkins et al., “Zinc-, S. T. Russell and M. J. Tisdale, “Studies on the anti-obesity activity of zinc-, S. T. Russell and M. J. Tisdale, “Role of, C. Bing, “Lipid mobilization in cachexia: mechanisms and mediators,”, C. Bing, T. Mracek, D. Gao, and P. Trayhurn, “Zinc-, S. T. Russell and M. J. Tisdale, “Studies on the antiobesity effect of zinc-, D. M. Selva, A. Lecube, C. Hernández, J.
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