Environmental issues and sustainable development, 65th Session of the Commission on the Status of Women, Round-up of the Security Council's activities, Main part of the 75th session of the General Assembly. 1990 Human Error. It has a history. Climate Change in Deserts Past, Present and Future. Office Space Timeline: Past, Present, and Future [INFOGRAPHIC] It's safe to say that 2020 saw a huge shift in the purpose of the office—and 2021 is no different. Hillsdale, N.J.: Erlbaum. Under Sustainability First, better management of sewage and run-off leads to only small increases in coastal pollution except for in West Asia. Many more have interests in pension funds. Some 80 countries, amounting to 40 per cent of the world's population, were suffering serious water shortages by the mid-1990s. New York: Basic Books. Over 1,000 people, many from a global network of collaborating centres, have contributed to the preparation of GEO-3. The report says the planet is at a crucial crossroads with the choices made today critical for the forests, oceans, rivers, mountains, wildlife and other life support systems upon which current and future generations depend. We have sketched Rasmussen's taxonomy here to make the point that different levels of problems require different kinds of approaches. The average global annual temperature hovered around 13.7 °C (56.7 °F) from the 1880s through the 1910s. Human error is known to be a major cause of industrial accidents. Washington, D.C.: National Academy Press. Highway safety provides another example of how an effort to reduce an undesirable effect of human behavior can itself have unanticipated consequences for human behavior. However, in a highly unpredictable environment, past experience may provide inaccurate information about current conditions. This was motivated in part by safety considerations, and in part by the fact that operating a simulator is much less expensive than operating real aircraft. For example, the eating of contaminated shellfish is causing an estimated 2.5 million cases of infectious hepatitis annually, resulting in 25,000 deaths and a further 25,000 people suffering long-term disability due to liver damage. A new report by the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC) underscores the need to cut global emissions by 45 per cent by 2030 in order to reach carbon neutrality by 2050. By contrast, recent data reveal that emissions are currently on track to increase by 16 per cent over 2010 levels by that date. Because this problem has global implications, it should present unusual opportunities for international collaboration among researchers in many countries. These are divided into six sections: 1. past environmental changes - the late-Quaternary; 2. spatial responses to past changes; 3. mechanisms enabling spatial responses; 4. evolutionary responses to past changes; 5. mechanisms enabling ... Hillsdale, N.J.: Erlbaum. Psychologists have done a considerable amount of research to assess the effectiveness of various strategies for behavior modification in the context of environmental concerns (Holahan, 1986; Russell and Ward, 1982; Saegert and Winkel, 1990; Stern, 1992). Over the past two decades, a new pattern of work is emerging as the knowledge economy realizes the full potential of both new technologies and new organizational models. The impact of humans on the physical form and functioning of the Earth have reached levels that are global in character, and have done so at an increasingly mounting speed. We have pointed to a few examples of the kinds of specific research issues that should be addressed. It took nearly a century of research and data to convince the vast majority of the scientific community that . Journal of Environmental Systems 5:39-57. While climate change has gained scientific attention in the past 50 years, and political action in the last 25, humans have been altering the atmosphere much longer than that. Annual Review of Psychology 41:441-477. New York: Wiley. Schwartz, S.E. and it has huge applicability in food safety control, environmental monitoring, and clinical . We believe it does have something to offer. Figure 2: Difference in average global temperature for each year from 1880 - 2016 compared to the 20 th century average. By John M. Broder , Andrew C. Revkin , Felicity Barringer and Cornelia Dean. Effective and lasting behavior modification has proven very difficult to achieve. Smithsonian 20(7):56-69. . Not a MyNAP member yet? Committee on Tropospheric Ozone Formation and Measurement, Board on Environmental Sciences and Toxicology. It is estimated that the number of people affected by disasters climbed from an average of 147 million a year in the 1980s to 211 million a year in the 1990s. Annual Review of Psychology 43:269-302. The problem of environmental change has not captured the imagination of the human factors research community as a whole. 1986 Prevention of environmental problems. The monuments, set aside in 2006 and . Moray, N. 1963 Introduction to Cybernetics. Klaus Toepfer, Executive Director of the UNEP, speaking at the launch taking place in London, said: "I must pay tribute to the scientists and experts who have made this assessment possible. This edited book provides a comprehensive overview of the past, present and future climate development in Poland. The book consists of three main parts. Eilers 1991 Acidic lakes and streams in the United States: the role of acidic deposition. Board on Science and Technology for International Development, Office of International Affairs. Washington, D.C.: U.S. Government Printing Office. By combining direct observations and reconstructions of past climate changes, geoscientists have been able to understand the . Freshwater -- Around half of the world's rivers are seriously depleted and polluted. About 60 per cent of the world's largest 227 rivers have been strongly or moderately fragmented by dams and other engineering works. If you were female, you spent your childhood spinning thread or doing menial chores. We publish an edited extract, and below George Monbiot offers an assessment of how far we've come since.</p> We are at a crossroads with the future in our hands. The decisions taken today and tomorrow will define the kind of environment this and future generations will enjoy. GEO-3 in its Outlook chapter outlines four policy approaches leading to different outcomes over the next 30 years. Here we highlight two of the most contrasting scenarios: Markets First and Sustainability First. One envisions a future driven by market forces; the other by far-reaching changes in values and lifestyles, firm policies and cooperation between all sectors of society. American Psychologist 47:815-816. 1989 Threats to biodiversity. A SIMNET-based training exercise is not only much less expensive than a comparable exercise involving real tanks but also much easier on the environment. Scientific understanding of the factors and processes that govern the evolution of Earth's climate has increased markedly over the past several decades, as has the ability to simulate and project future changes in the climate system.As noted in Chapter 2, this knowledge has been regularly assessed, synthesized, and summarized by the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC), the U.S . A major reason is that it requires less expenditure of energy and other resources, a fact that benefits the environment as well. 1985 Wetlands in America: labyrinth and temple. The problem involves whether to treat self-organizing systems as deterministic or stochastic. Scientific American 262(4):36-42. Because of the industry's limited experience with dismantling and cleanup operations, there will need to be some innovative thinking about the allocation of functions to people and machines and the design of person-machine interfaces for this purpose (Wise and Savage, 1992). It tries to understand, how the human community has adapted to or changed its surrounding environment to suit its needs and how much the environment affects people forcing new innovations and techniques. Washington, D.C.: National Academy Press. Rasmussen, J., and R. Batstone 1989 Why Do Complex Organizational Systems Fail? It is the most authoritative assessment of where we have been, where we have reached and where we are likely to go. 6 Communication Technology and Telenetworking, The National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine, Emerging Needs and Opportunities for Human Factors Research. However, the proportion of hungry people in the world appears set to fall. Two billion people, around one third of the world's population, depend on groundwater supplies. In some countries, such as parts of India, China, West Asia, including the Arabian Peninsula, the former Soviet Union and the western United States, groundwater levels are falling as a result of over-abstraction. Pp. We offer our suggestions not as an agenda for research but as points of departure for further discussion. One may work on the goal of water conservation by trying to persuade people to use less water when taking showers by, say, taking shorter showers, keeping the tap less than wide open, or keeping the tap closed while actually washing. At Three Mile Island, inadequacies in training, operating procedures, control room interface design, and maintenance practice were all seen to be contributing factors. If the entire Greenland ice sheet melts, sea level would rise by six metres. Water-related disease costs break down like this: 2 billion people are at risk from malaria alone, with 100 million affected at any one time and up to     2 million deaths annually. There are about 4 billion cases of diarrhoea and. Nevertheless, the potential remains for decreasing the use of paper by making more effective use of electronic information storage and distribution. Examples of the application of ergonomic design at this level include switches that cannot be turned the wrong way, toilet handles that make it easy to use different amounts of water following urination or defecation (a design that is common in Australia where there is a chronic water shortage), and the interlock that requires one to cover the gas tank filler hole with a cap in some states so as to reduce vapor loss to the environment. Scientific American 261(3):108-116. Global Environmental Change: Past, Present, And Future|Karl K, First Person Action Research: Living Life as Inquiry|Judi Marshall, Theories of Reading: Books, Bodies, and Bibliomania|Karin Littau, [ [ [ Assessment and Diagnosis of Personality Disorders: The ICD-10 International Personality Disorder Examination (Ipde)[ ASSESSMENT AND DIAGNOSIS OF PERSONALITY DISORDERS: THE ICD-10 INTERNATIONAL . This book covers scientific aspects of past and present climatic changes of the quaternary period focused on the Indian subcontinent via response of modern environmental conditions on climate proxies, reconstruction of paleoclimate, ... Science 256:603. International Wildlife 15(6):32-37. Despite the overall increase, global temperatures have not climbed steadily during the decades. Wilson, E.O. Environmental Issues in the Mediterranean reviews both physical and social aspects of this region, in relation to its environment. Alson 1989 The case for methanol. Marine and Coastal Areas -- Nitrogen loading, an indicator of a wide range of land-based pollution rises sharply in Latin America and the Caribbean, Asia and the Pacific and West Asia under a Markets First scenario. While the rise in Europe coastal waters is generally less severe, the Mediterranean coast comes under special pressure through a combination of urban growth, inadequate wastewater treatment works, tourism and intensively farmed crops. Other areas of special concern include the mouths of large rivers like the Mississippi and the Nile. Often, however, when constraints are introduced for safety or health purposes, people react negatively to what they. Laura King McKee . 11 Accessed August 23, 2018 What influences past and present-day climate? Managing Water Resources in the West Under Conditions of Climate Uncertainty examines the scientific basis for predictions of climate change, the implications of climate uncertainty for water resources management, and the management options ... The total extent of protected areas, such as national parks, has grown from 2.78 million square kilometres in 1970 to 12.18 million hectares in 2000. The number of sites has risen from 3,392 to 11,496 over the same period. A survey of 93 protected areas has found that most are proving successful at stopping land clearing and to a lesser extent at tackling issues such as logging, hunting, fires and grazing pressures. When the first Earth Day was held in 1970, pesticides were killing bald eagles, and soot was darkening the sky. Mangrove forests, natural sea defenses, nursery grounds for fish and prime nesting and resting sites for migratory birds, are threatened by impacts such as over-harvesting for timber and fuel wood, tourism and coastal developments. Up to 50 per cent of recent mangrove destruction has been due to clear cutting for shrimp farms. Winkel 1990 Environmental psychology. Found insideThe story of how scientists reached that conclusion—by way of unexpected twists and turns—was the story Spencer Weart told in The Discovery of Global Warming. how its past has shaped its present and how current times are influencing and delineating its future. Virtual reality technology carries simulation, in theory at least, to a new plateau. Human factors researchers have not focused much attention on this area in the past. We need to better understand why people choose the modes of transportation they do when other modes are also available. Figure 9.14 The Marketing Environment. Human factors, as a discipline, has much to offer to efforts to find solutions to various aspects of this problem. Laws prohibiting smoking in public places encountered enormous initial resistance despite the evidence that smoking, including breathing secondhand smoke, is injurious to health. "--The Washington Post "The Uninhabitable Earth, which has become a best seller, taps into the underlying emotion of the day: fear. . . . I encourage people to read this book."--Alan Weisman, The New York Review of Books Improvements have occurred in areas such as river and air quality in places like North America and Europe. Changes in the Earth's Environment The 20th century, especially in the second half, has been one of rapid change in the Earth's environment. Gore, A. The subject of detrimental environmental change has received much attention in the news media for some time. The next level, "general form," would include things like automated guideways for automobile traffic in specific locations and intelligent navigation systems that can reduce fuel consumption by optimizing travel routes. Cause and effect: events, decisions or developments in the past that produce later actions, results or effects, e.g how everyday life has changed over time; how changing technologies . the context of natural environmental changes. To spot trends and other signals that conditions may be in flux, marketers must continually monitor the environment in which their companies operate. This book contributes to the study of climate change as a cultural idea, by developing the extensive Anglophone literature on environmental science, politics and policy pertaining to climate change in the West to consider how Russian ... record have been in the past 22 years . At the lowest level of this hierarchy the focus is on "physical form." It may even be that computer technology has stimulated the use of more paper than ever before. Saegert, S., and G.H. Paper and paper products account for about one-third of all solid waste in the United States. 30 per cent; agriculture, 27 per cent; overexploitation of vegetation, seven per cent and industrial activities, one per cent. We believe that such discussion would identify many ways in which the community can productively involve itself in this important area. This book explores how people across the world think about environmental change and how they act upon the perception of past, present and future opportunities. Some, but not all, of the difference can be attributed to differences in industrial productivity and in standards of living. Benefits have included increased food production and hydroelectricity. But irreversible damage has occurred to wetlands and other ecosystems. Since the 1950s, between 40 and 80 million people have been displaced. We are all shareholders in this enterprise. Only then can the promises made in Rio turn into a reality", said Mr. Toepfer. The constraint that we all drive on the same side of the road is recognized as an opportunity for safe travel. of Agriculture and Applied Science . 1992 Global Environmental Change: Understanding the Human Dimensions . North Dakota State University . Hazarika, S. 1986 Bhopal: The Lessons of a Tragedy. Recycling of waste materials is a relatively new technology. Assesses the scope and limitations of the various lines of evidence used to reconstruct past climatic changes in deserts Provides a synthesis of past environmental and climatic change in the dry lands of each major continent The loss and fragmentation of habitats such as forests, wetlands and mangrove swamps have increased the pressures on the world's wildlife. Technology has had a huge impact on how healthcare has changed over the last hundred years. newspapers are interested in only a fraction of the information that is in them, that buyers discard newspapers immediately after reading them, and that printing and distributing them are energy-intensive processes, this method of information distribution is extremely inefficient relative to technologically feasible alternatives. Human factors research can be applied to the goal of reversing undesirable trends in environmental change in other ways as well. Significantly realizing this potential would have the doubly beneficial effect of conserving the energy and natural resources used in the production of paper and of reducing the generation of solid waste. Growing numbers of scientists from a variety of disciplines have been systematically studying specific aspects of this change and attempting to identify effective strategies for preventing or mitigating potentially catastrophic effects. London, England: Penguin. Detrimental environmental change is becoming perceived, by both the scientific community and the general public, as one of the most serious problems that is now faced—and that will continue to be faced for the foreseeable future—not only by individual nations but by the world as a whole. National Research Council 1977 Drinking Water and Health. see as encroachments on their freedom of choice. Dr. Xin Zhang has been promoted to the rank of Associate Professor with tenure at the Appalachian Laboratory of the University of Maryland Center for Environmental Science. Substituting electronic means of storing and distributing information for methods that depend on the use of paper is one instance of the substitution of resource-light for resource-heavy technologies that deserves special attention. Fertilizer use is increasing in developing countries but has stabilized in developed ones. The following are teaching ideas for this stage that incorporate skills and concepts, using sources from the State Library of NSW's teaching and learning collection. By . This pioneering study provides the theoretical basis for archaeological data to be included in climate change debate. Environment and Behavior 9:107-124. la Riviere, J.W.M. Cited in Wilde, G.S. Stern, P.C., O.R. Ashby, W.R. 1956 An Introduction to Cybernetics. We wish to argue that human factors research has much to contribute to the goal of shaping technology so that the natural consequences of its use for human ends will be more environmentally benign. Latin America and the Caribbean region are likely to be the hardest hit with more than 80 per cent of the land affected, closely followed by Asia and the Pacific region. There, over 75 per cent of the land may well be affected by habitat disturbance and other kinds of environmental damage as a result of rapid and poorly planned infrastructure growth. In automated systems, the day-to-day role of humans tends to be the performance of maintenance, and we know that accidents can occur because of faulty maintenance. The facts in the report underline the huge amount of knowledge that has now been accumulated about the condition of Earth. It also highlights the successes of governments, industry, the public and others in trying to restore and sustain its damaged and beleaguered freshwaters, lands, wildlife, oceans and atmosphere, especially in those continents and countries that can afford it", he said. Intestinal worm infections afflict 10 per cent of people in the developing world. Around 6 million people are blind from trachoma, a contagious eye disease. Geller, E.S. This volume incorporates Parts 3 and 4 of the report, reviewing current knowledge of observed climate variability and trends in the Mediterranean, and including descriptions of available temperature and precipitation station and gridded ... This book evolved from the 5th School of Environmental Research entitled „Persistent Pollution – Past, Present and Future", which has set a focus on Persistent Organic Pollutants (POPs), heavy metals and aerosols. - reconstruction of ... The interests of the Human Factors Society's Technical Group on Environmental Design (Human Factors Society, 1991:38), for example, "center on the human factors aspects of the constructed physical environment, including architectural and interior design aspects of home, office, and industrial settings." The bishops open a new avenue of dialogue in the sometimes convoluted discussions about global warming, offering a distinctively religious and moral perspective on the need for environmental protection. About one sixth of this, a total of 305 million ha of soils are either "strongly or extremely degraded". Extremely degraded soils are so badly damaged they cannot be restored. Environmental change impacts an ecosystem in multiple ways. A major challenge for the design of environmentally benign systems is inducing people to see constraints less as constraints than as ways to afford something else. This book identifies areas that represent new needs and opportunities for human factors research in the coming decades. Santa Monica, Calif.: Human Factors Society. This volume of papers, based on a conference sponsored by the Quaternary Research Association and the Geologists Association and held at the University of Aberdeen in April 1989, addresses many of these crucial uncertainties regarding ... The implication, for present purposes, is that anyone attempting to make design changes in a person-machine system to compensate for a pattern of behavior with undesirable environmental consequences should be aware that the design changes may evoke unantipated changes in human behavior that could also have undesirable environmental consequences. The seventh edition of this classic student text explores the multitude of impacts that humans have had over time upon vegetation, animals, soils, water, landforms and the atmosphere. On November 8 1989, Margaret Thatcher shocked the UN with a speech on global warming. Under a Sustainability First future, impacts from infrastructure continue to rise with around 55 per cent of the land affected, although the situation should be stabilizing by 2032. Just under 60 per cent of the land in Latin America and the Caribbean is impacted by 2032 and just over 40 per cent in West Asia. The changes fall into the following domains: Cognitive competence; Social and interactive competence; The new "psychological contract" between employees and employers Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency, Alexandria, Va. Wallace, D.R. MyNAP members SAVE 10% off online. These are just some of the striking findings from the United Nations Environment Programme's (UNEP) ground-breaking Global Environment Outlook-3 (GEO-3) report. The study takes a unique look at the policies and environmental impacts of the past 30 years. It then outlines four policy approaches for the next three decades (See "Choices for the Future" below) and compares and contrasts the likely impacts on people and the natural world. of the . 361-383 in Handbook of Prevention. 1989 Threats to the world's water. Biologists have been documenting the loss of wildlife habitat and the accompanying decrease in biodiversity (Soule, 1991; Wilson, 1989). Laura King McKee . Washington, D.C.: National Academy Press. Science 256:342-349. The definition of climate change makes it clear that climate change affects human lives slowly. Reducing untreated sewage discharges is a key aim. Around 1.1 billion people still lack access to safe drinking water and. Eyewitness Climate Change explains why human activities are making the planet heat up--and how we know for sure that this is the case. To search the entire text of this book, type in your search term here and press Enter. We must learn how to collaborate effectively if we are to have any hope of making real headway on problems that are global in extent. Under a Sustainability First scenario, the area of built up land continues to rise but falls slightly in North America and Europe, below two per cent, as policies lead to more compact cities and better planning. Based on feedback from you, our users, we've made some improvements that make it easier than ever to read thousands of publications on our website. Just as it is not necessary for the materials scientist to have the building of better automobiles in mind in order to affect the automotive industry—by, for example, developing a new lightweight superstrong composite—one need not focus explicitly on the environment in order to have a beneficial impact on work on environmental problems. Schlesinger, W.H., J.F. Centre for Cities • City centres: past, present and future • February 2019 2 It also has implications for the national economy as a whole. It is also expected to require resolution of many human factors issues. By the end of 2000, about two per cent of forests had been certified for sustainable forest management under schemes such as those operated by the Forest Stewardship Council. Most of these are in Canada, Finland, Germany, Norway, Poland, Sweden and the United States. A considerable fraction of paper waste is from newspapers (whose daily circulation is about 63 million according to the Bureau of the Census, 1990) and magazines.
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